Measurement Definition in Science

In science, a measurement is a collection of quantitative or numerical  data that describes a property of an object or event. A measurement is made by comparing a quantity with a standard unit. Since this comparison cannot be perfect, measurements inherently include error, which is how much a measured value deviates from the true value. The study of measurement is called metrology. There are many measurement systems that have been used throughout history and across the world, but progress has been made since the 18th century in setting an international standard. The modern International System of Units (SI) bases all types of physical measurements on seven base units. Methods of Measurement The length of a piece of string can be measured by comparing the string against a meter stick.The volume of a drop of water may be measured using a graduated cylinder.The mass of a sample may be measured using a scale or balance.The temperature of a fire may be measured using a thermocouple. Comparing Measurements Measuring the volume of a cup of water with an Erlenmeyer flask will give you a better measurement than trying to gauge its volume by putting it into a bucket, even if both measurements are reported using the same unit (e.g., milliliters). Accuracy matters, so there are criteria that scientists use to compare measurements: type, magnitude, unit, and uncertainty. The level or type is the methodology used for taking the measurement. Magnitude is the actual numerical value of a measurement (e.g., 45 or 0.237). Unit is the ratio of the number against the standard for the quantity (e.g., gram, candela, micrometer). Uncertainty reflects the systematic and random errors in the measurement. Uncertainty is a description of confidence in the accuracy and precision of a measurement that is typically expressed as an error. Measurement Systems Measurements are calibrated, which is to say they are compared against a set of standards in a system so that the measuring device can deliver a value that matches what another person would obtain if the measurement were repeated. There are a few common standard systems you may encounter: International System of Units (SI): SI comes from the French name  Systà ¨me International dUnità ©s.  It is the most commonly used metric system.Metric System: SI is a specific metric system, which is a decimal system of measurement. Examples of two common forms of the metric system are the MKS system (meter, kilogram, second as base units) and CGS system (centimeter, gram, and second as base units). There are many units in SI and other forms of the metric system that are built upon combinations of base units. These are called derived units.English System: The British or Imperial system of measurements was common before SI units were adopted internationally. Although Britain has largely adopted the SI system, the United States and some Caribbean countries still use the English system for non-scientific purposes. This system is based on the foot-pound-second units, for units of length, mass, and time.

Essay on Homeless in America - 1648 Words

Homeless in America Homelessness affects millions of Americans each year, with approximately one third of this population suffering from severe mental disorders. In Las Cruces we have a number of homeless people that have a mental disorder. Las Cruces does not provide the homeless mentally ill with sufficient services. it is necessary to provide them with support, protection, treatment, and rehabilitation. Although surveys have been conducted defending that mental illness does cause homelessness. There are several arguments that personal disabilities such as mental illness, alcoholism, drug abuse and physical or mental handicaps are not the primary causes of homelessness. While these conditions make people more vulnerable to†¦show more content†¦Yet the myth is perpetuated in the media that the majority of the homeless have a history of chronic mental illness (Timmer 82). We have very limited services in Las Cruces that we offer our homeless and mentally ill. There is a shelter called Gospel Rescue Mission it provides these vagrants with three meals a day, and shelters them in the the evening. The assistant manager stated, They are allowed to stay three times a month or depending on the needs of the vagrants. As long as they are willing to cooperate with he workers and follow the rules they have at the shelter they are welcomed to stay (Smith, Telephone Interview). They also offer Bible study in the evening and offer spiritual counseling. I asked him, Does your center help out with medications? He stated, No, we refer them to Southwest Counseling Center where they have to go through a screening process in order to receive medications. I contacted Southwest Counseling Center and asked what type of services they offered and asked what they do for the homeless and mentally ill patients? Jim Smith at the center stated, We are a full service center and are run by legislative enactments. They have four main serves that the center provides: 1.) Substance Abuse; 2.) Mental Health; 3.) Children; 4.) Adult counseling. Any charges are according tot he income of the individual if they have any at all; otherwise services are free. I asked, Does your clinic provide the mentally illShow MoreRelatedHomeless in America1684 Words   |  7 Pagesstreets of vast cities of United States. Less attention are shown to those who are homeless, people focus more on bigger issues when this is a major problem that has occurred for years. Statistics shows that 1.6 million youth run away from home each year between the ages of 12 and 17. The predominant race for runaways is White non-Hispanic (57%), Black non-Hispanic (17%), Hispanic (15%), and Other (11%) follow (Blaha). Homeless children most likely leave their original homes because of the way of life andRead MoreEssay on Homeless in America825 Words   |  4 Pagesissues nationally is people who are becoming homeless and the fact that one third of the homeless population have served this country, which is around 195,000 veterans. Thats more than the death count of the Vietnam war. Most homeless people are male about three percent are women, most are single and come from disadvantaged backgrounds. Its a major issue, this is America there should not be thousands of people across this nation that are homeless especially our veterans. They gave their lifeRead MoreHomeless in America Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pageshomelessness in America is growing dramatically. Its a problem that can strike anyone when you least expect it. Therefore you should address this as a major crisis that affects our society. I feel as Americans we should come together to create solu tions to end a growing epidemic of homeless people. Statistics show people living in poverty are most at risk of becoming homeless. Economically they are at a higher risk of losing what little they already have. The number of homeless families withRead MoreA Vulnerable Population: The Homeless in America919 Words   |  4 PagesA Vulnerable Population: The Homeless in America Introduction Homelessness in America should be a growing concern. When discussing the United States current economic crisis comparisons with the Great Depression are becoming more and more common. Tent cities or makeshift shelters in specified areas or just beyond city limits are becoming familiar sites across the country. Each of these cities contains dozens if not hundreds of families struggling to just survive (Maide, 2010). HomelessnessRead MoreAnalysis of the Homeless Family in America1728 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Homeless Family in America Introduction While homelessness may be an issue that is so far from the minds of the average American family, the truth remains that the current homelessness statistics in America suggest that the issue of homelessness is far more average than one could ever imagine. As of January 2012, The National Alliance to End Homelessness published a series of reports that listed the number of homeless Americans at 636,017 with a rate of homelessness at 21 homeless peopleRead MoreEssay on Homeless Women in America1099 Words   |  5 PagesHomeless Women in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today in the U.S. there is a large percentage of people that are homeless. There are so many questions when one sees a homeless person, for example why doesn’t he or she get a job and get out of the streets? People that make comments like the one just made probably doesn’t really know anyone that is homeless so they do no understand what they go through. In the book â€Å" Tell Me Who I Am,’’ Elliot Liebow tries to explain what the cost and gains are for women livingRead MoreHomeless Population in America Essay2680 Words   |  11 PagesOne of the most prominent social issues is that of the homeless population. According to Korge Furst, 24 percent of the homeless population are severely mentally ill, 20 percent are physically disabled, 19 percent are employed, 14 percent are victims of domestic violence, 14 percent are veterans, while 3 percent are HIV positive (Chp. 2.4, 2012). Although there are numerous programs and policies to er adicate homelessness, we still see that the numbers continue to rise. Essentially, social theoriesRead MoreThe Homeless Veterans Wandering On The Streets Of America1465 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the homeless veterans wandering in the streets of America. All around America there is numerous homeless veterans who seek for a better way of life. They crave for jobs, food, and shelter. All they want in life is to live the American Dream, a dream full of opportunity and wealth. In 2013, Veteran Affairs had an estimation of 610,042 homeless people recorded in the United States, and over 394,698 of those homeless people were living in shelter homes. This means that 215,344 homeless people wereRead MoreEssay about Homeless Children In America1111 Words   |  5 PagesHomeless Children in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To be homeless is to not have a home or a permanent place of residence. Nationwide, there is estimated to be 3.5 million people that are homeless, and roughly 1.35 million of them are children. It is shown that homeless rates, which are the number of sheltered beds in a city divided by the cities population, have tripled since the 1980’s (National Coalition for Homeless, 2014). Worldwide, it is estimated that 100 million children live and work on the streets.Read MoreWhat America Is Doing About the Homeless4088 Words   |  17 Pagesnot even have to be their fault. For this reason exactly is why Americans should consider this a major crisis today. The amount of people becoming homeless in America is constantly growing. Although some people can get out of being homeless pretty quickly, more and more people are becoming homeless every day, and the more people that become homeless, the more people crowd the streets we live on. There is many different views on where these people should live such as on the street or in permanent

Moral Imagination for Business and Professional- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMoral Imagination for Business and Professional Ethics. Answer: Moral imagination is thinking of the full range of possibilities in a certain situation so that an ethical challenge is solved. Acting morally may require more than ones character having strength. It needs other factors like empathy and alertness so that one distinguishes whatever is morally relevant in situations. In moral imagination, a person is able to be ethical in a challenging situation by coming up with alternatives which will not compromise ethics. People should be able to look beyond money and think of the impact of how some decisions can bring a negative effect to other people (UT McCombs, 2014). Moral imagination is combined with creativity and moral courage to enable people act ethically in organizations and society as a whole. A well-publicized ethical decision that can be considered to be faulty was that of Turing Pharmaceuticals, which happened in September 2015. The former CEO of the company, Martin Shkreli became one of the most hated CEOs after increasing the price of a life-saving drug from $13.50 to $750 for one tablet. Some argued that this price gouging by the CEO of the company was the consequence of a beneficial free market. The decision saw specialists of infectious diseases protest over the dramatic increase in price of a drug that had been in the market for 62 years. The drug is needed to treat a parasitic infection that is life threatening. Turing Pharmaceuticals had acquired the drug, which was known as Daraprim, in August 2015. This led to annual treatment costs of patients risking to very significant amounts (Pollack,2015). The CEO of Turing pharmaceuticals was a former manager of a hedge fund. Once further investigations were done, the CEO was later arrested for security fraud as a hedge fund he had went on to lose millions and he had swindled a number of people. The CEO raised the price of the drug so that he could use proceeds in covering up what he had previously done. The decision by this CEO shows that he chose the path of being unethical so that he could succeed. He wanted to make money quickly, it led him to swindling other people, and when it failed, he preferred to increase drug prices without being considerate of the fate of patients (Pollack, 2015). This CEO lacked moral imagination and there were no mistaken assumptions when he was making the decisions that he took. Moral imagination requires one to reject false dichotomy, which is the notion that being unethical will help one in succeeding quickly. In this case, the CEO did not reject false dichotomy but acted on the greed he had. He was avoiding debt after losing the money of his clients and resorted to rather unjust means of acquiring money. The CEO did not really care about patients and think about how some of them would struggle to get the money that was required to purchase the drug. He did not think how medical costs would run into thousands of dollars for patients and that it may pose a financial challenge to some people (Schwartz Hoffman, 2017). He also failed to value human life by not thinking about the fact that some patients may die because of missing the life-threatening pill, as they could not afford it. Moral imagination means that one accepts ethical problem solving. Ethical problem solving also leads to trust within the organization and among an organizations stakeholders. The CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals did not take ethical decision making as an option that he would use. He failed to consider reputational risk and the organizations stakeholders when he took the decision to drastically increase drug prices. He failed to look at the possible ethical alternatives that he could take to solve his personal issues and instead opted to use his company in making an unethical decision (Krumholz, 2014). Price gouging in this case was not justified, as the CEO should have first made a consideration of the patients who needed the drugs. Moral imagination means that we speak with other people with the aim of finding ethical approaches to difficult decisions. The CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals kept his problems to himself and chose not to speak with anyone concerning what he was going through and also on the decision, he wanted to make concerning the Daraprim drug. Speaking to other people before making the decision to increase drug prices would have led to brainstorming of alternatives and coming up with a better decision (Niebuhr, 2013). Moral imagination also means that people have the courage to do the right thing. In this case, the CEO lacked courage needed to make the right decision. He instead chose to look at his own needs without considering other people (Whitaker Godwin, 2013). This made him make selfish decisions, which in turn gave the company a bad reputation. Overall, the CEO would have found ways of sorting out his initial issues in an ethical manner rather than make decisions that would lead to the downfall of both his businesses. Moral imagination is very important especially in business and organization settings. In the process of making unethical decisions, drastic mistakes can be made that may make the lives of many people very difficult. Moral imagination should therefore be embraced in all spheres of life. References Krumholz, L. (2014). Toni Morrison: Writing the Moral Imagination by Valerie Smith.African American Review,47(1), 219-221. Niebuhr, R. (2013).Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Louiseville, Westminster John Knox Press. Pollack, A. (2015). Drug goes from $13.50 a tablet to $750, overnight.New York Times,20, 2015. Schwartz, M. S., Hoffman, W. M. (2017). Ethical Decision Making Surveyed through the Lens of Moral Imagination.Business and Professional Ethics Journal. UT McCombs School of Business. (2014, January 31). Moral Imagination. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6EsLpZNgC4list=PLzSEbSKjmJsFsP7FWBNBz_fdP-ZsEkUOMapp=desktop Whitaker, B. G., Godwin, L. N. (2013). The antecedents of moral imagination in the workplace: A social cognitive theory perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,114(1), 61-73.

Sound and Silence free essay sample

Samuel Beckett was a world renown author of poetry, novels, and theatrical plays. He was born in Ireland and spent much of his adult life in Paris. His works were primarily written in French, and then translated, many times by the author himself, into English. He is known for creating works of dark comedy, and absurdism, and later in his career a minimalist. Due to his late start as an author, he is considered one of the last modernists, along with his good friend and mentor James Joyce. Samuel Beckett was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969, and was upset by the selection, claiming that James Joyce should have won it. For this reason he gave most of the 70,000 dollar prize to charities. His Life Beckett was born to a well off Protestant family in Dublin, Ireland, and matched much of the pursuits that this affluence predicted. He excelled as a pianist, in track, boxing, tennis, and most notably in Cricket. We will write a custom essay sample on Sound and Silence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He still stands as the only Nobel Laureate with a listing in Wisden’s Cricketers Almanack, considered the oldest running sports publication in the world. Beckett was born on April 13, 1906, a date reported by Beckett himself. Beckett also claims that this is not entirely accurate, as he has recollection of being in his mother’s womb. The legal system refutes this even further, with legal documents reporting his birth a month later. As he grew older, Beckett turned more and more towards academia, and enrolled in Trinity College at the age of 17, where he studied French and Italian. During this time he was also exposed to theatre, as well as the silent films of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton, all of which would have an influence on his future writings. After receiving his Bachelor’s Degree from Trinity College in 1927, Beckett travelled to France, and was introduced to James Joyce, who was enjoying the success and fame of his books Ulysses, and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The two men became friends, with much in common, including the rhyme and rhythm of words themselves. Joyce proved to be a great influence on Beckett. It was during this time that Beckett published his first short story, â€Å"Assumption† (1929) and his first award winning poem in â€Å"Whoroscope† in 1930, winning 10 pounds from The Hours Press. In 1931 Beckett returned to Dublin, where he penned a novel, which was later re-released in the series of stories, More Pricks Than Kicks in 1934. He took a job as an instructor at Campbell College, Belfast, but the job turned out to be an ill-fated and short job. Beckett turned out to be a harsh critic of his student’s work, and graded them accordingly, which drew many complaints and soon admonishment from the headmaster. When told that the students represented the best of what Belfast had to offer, Beckett only allowed that they were â€Å"rich and thick. On a more famous note was his admission of a paper to the Modern Languages Society allegedly written by the French poet Jean du Chas, on the Concentricism movement, which several of the Society backed, vowing for du Chas’ relevance. Beckett had invented the entire movement, the paper and the author. This type of thing led to Beckett’s removal from instructing, and his disdain for the teaching profession as a whole. Given how the â€Å"experts† treated a work of complete fiction, it also foreshadowed his own disregard of critics later in life. These years also started the estrangement of Beckett from his mother, which would become a source from which his writings would draw from for years to come. Indeed, his novel Dream of Fair to Midling Women is widely regarded as very autobiographical, and began the development of Beckett’s unique writing style. After wandering for much of this period, Beckett settled in Paris by 1937, where he finished and published his work, Murphy. The next major event in his live occurred when he was walking home one night, and was stabbed in the chest by a pimp. The blade narrowly missed Beckett’s heart, and perforated one of his lungs. James Joyce came to his friend’s side, assigning his personal doctor to care for Beckett. He met his assailant later, who claimed that he did not know why he stabbed Beckett, and said that he was sorry. It was an absurd exchange, to be sure, and many often wonder how much it inspired the young author. During his convalescence, Beckett was cared for by Suzanne Descheveaux-Dumesnil, and she became his lifelong companion, helping him Beckett publish his works, and also shielding him from the prying public. It was not until 1961 that the two married. During the years of WW II, Beckett joined the resistance in France, nd although he was dismissive of his involvement, the group he was involved with was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1945. His period from the end of WWII through the 1950’s is his most prolific, and successful period, where he perfected his style, and wrote his famous books, (although he argued were not a trilogy) Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unamable. Also, he wrote perhaps his best known work, Waiting for Godot. He continued his playwriting in the 1950’s and 60’s , where his minimalist style brought fame and curiosity. His worldwide acclaim growing, until 1969, when he was awarded The Nobel Prize for Literature. His reaction in true Absurd style â€Å"Quelle catastrophe! He thought his friend James Joyce should have won the award, and gave the award money to charities, and needy writers. He ultimately passed away on December 22, 1989, after a long battle with Emphysema, following his wife’s death by 6 short months. He is interred in Montparnasse Cemetary in France. WRITING STYLE AND INFLUENCE Beckett is known as an absurdist and minimalist, and clearly his first influences were his good friend James Joyce and Proust. The first who helped shape his writing, while he worked with Joyce, and the other whom he studied at great length. During his early period of writing he exhibited a love of the language, and often tried to express this in his work, which led to a period of only middling success. This period was also highly autobiographical, which led to some of the trouble that he had with his family, and eventually Jungian therapy, which can be found in his works, especially Watt, Waiting for Godot, and All that Fall, which transcribes some of his therapy sessions almost word for word. His later period of writing can be attributed in a great deal to his decision to write almost entirely in French, a second language. This caused him to be succinct in his descriptions, and began his work as a minimalist. As he began this style of writing, he started to more and more protest against the norms of writing, eschewing much of what became the model of writing, some even argue to the extent that plot was removed altogether. LEGACY Samuel Beckett’s works, opened the way for many Absurdists. His treatment of theatre in his plays opened the way for other authors to challenge the norms of theatre. He stripped away all other conventions of setting, action and style, and concentrated on the bare minimum of dialogue to carry his story. Waiting for Godot expresses this in the story of two tramps waiting for a man, Godot, who may or may not arrive. He opened the way for writers to concentrate on the basics, and not feel like they had to be constrained by conventions of accepted literature. His success proved that you could challenge normalacy and still be taken seriously. His courage opened the way for others to challenge literary convention.

6 Fast-Growing Healthcare Jobs for 2015 and Beyond

6 Fast-Growing Healthcare Jobs for 2015 and Beyond The healthcare industry is poised for tremendous growth in the years ahead thanks to the influx of insured Americans through the Affordable Care Act as well as the aging Baby Boomer population. Based on figures from the United State Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statics, those looking for careers with unprecedented job security and potential for growth need look no further than these six healthcare jobs. 1. Registered NursesRNs are responsible for a broad spectrum of patient care duties, including everything from medical tasks to emotional support for patients and their families. RNS work in a variety of healthcare settings, including hospitals, nursing care facilities, physicians’ offices, schools, prisons, and in-home healthcare.There are a few different pathways to becoming an RN. Many people opt to pursue a bachelor’s degree in the field; associate’s degrees in nursing are also offered, as are diploma programs. Regardless of the type of nursin g degree, all RNs must be licensed.According to the BLS, RNs earn a median annual wage of more than $65,000. These salaries are likely to rise in the years ahead as demand grows. Just how strong is the outlook for these healthcare professionals? Employment is projected to skyrocket by 19 percent by 2022.2. Home Health AidesAs demand for health care services continues to increase, home health aides will fill an important void. These trained professionals provide assistance to people who suffer from chronic illness or cognitive impairment; they also help seniors and people with disabilities. Home health aides, who work in a multitude of different settings, require no formal training although most do have high school degrees. However, those working in specific settings - such as for hospice agencies - may require formal training and testing.While home health aides earn an average of nearly $21,000 a year, this may change with demand. In fact, the employment of home health aides is e xpected to grow by a whopping 48 percent between now and 2022 - significantly outpacing the average for all occupations.3. Nursing AssistantsNursing assistants, also called orderlies, provide basic patient care in settings ranging from hospitals to nursing homes. They are required by their states to complete an education program, and must also pass a competency exam in order to become certified. The average annual pay for nursing assistants and orderlies hovers around $24,000, according to the BLS. As the elderly population continues to grow, the need for these skilled professionals will correlate. Experts predict 21 percent employment growth between now and 2022.4. Medical SecretariesMedical secretaries perform basic administrative duties in a healthcare setting. This typically requires specific knowledge of medical terminology and procedures; additional duties may include everything from billing patients to scheduling appointments. Occasionally, medical secretaries also take med ical histories, order supplies, and assist patients. According to the BLS, the median salary of a medical secretary is currently just under $32,000 although salaries can reach as high as $46,420. Even more noteworthy? Jobs for medical secretaries will experience a staggering 36 percent increase by 2022.5. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational NursesAlso known as LPNs and LVNs, these skilled healthcare professional work under the direction of doctors and RNs while providing basic patient care, such as checking blood pressure, changing bandages, inserting catheters, and offering basic care and comfort. Work environments are diverse, and range from hospitals to private homes. In addition to licensure, both LPNs and LVNs require the completion of a one-year state-approved educational program.According to the BLS, LPNs and LVNs earn a median annual pay of just over $41,500. Between 2012 and 2022, jobs are expected to grow by as much as 25 percent thanks to increases in chronic condi tions among the aging population.6. Medical AssistantsMedical assistants are responsible for a number of different clinical and administrative tasks in healthcare settings. The specifics of the role, however, vary depending on the specialty, location and size of practice. While it’s possible to become a medical assistant with a high school degree, most at least have a certificate. Others learn through on-the-job training opportunities. While the average salary for medical assistants is $29,370, a growth rate of 29 percent between 2012 and 2022 may lead to greater demand as well as higher salaries.The healthcare system is currently facing many uncertainties, but one fact is very clear: educated and experienced healthcare workers will deliver much-needed skills in the evolving landscape of the American healthcare system. For more information on the current state of the job market or to harness the power of the RealMatch job search platform, visit The Job Network.

Is the term subculture useful as means for analysing the young people in Australia Culture †Cultural Studies Essay

Is the term subculture useful as means for analysing the young people in Australia Culture – Cultural Studies Essay Free Online Research Papers Is the term subculture useful as means for analysing the young people in Australian Culture Cultural Studies Essay They dress like their going to the gym. They have undercuts and spiky hair. They have a few tattoos, hidden from their parents view. They listen to RB and rap. They hang out in garages, playing cards, swearing and smoking pot. Their ideology of masculinity is a man that wont take ‘no’ for an answer, has control over his ‘Mrs.’s’ and can stand up for himself. They speak with slang derived from the African American slang, with a few Arabic words here and there. They drive fast, done up cars with controversial personalized number plates. Females are not welcome in this gathering nor are adults. Who are they? They are the Lebanese youth. Their offshoot, ‘hanging out’, is the symbolic axis and working social hub. This subculture is heavily reliant on being ‘in the know’- on being cool, calm and dangerous. If one were to describe the social culture of this group, it would have to be ‘coolness’. But what is this cultural value? How is it embodied? How is it displayed? Why it is so important to the Lebanese youth? What are its social uses, its demographics, its biases and discriminations? They belong to a unitary culture. They maintain the same dress codes, dance styles, music genres and catalogue of authorized and illicit rituals. They are a subculture from an ethnic culture. They generally congregate on the basis of shared ethnicity and ideology, their consumption of the same media and, most importantly, their preference for youth of the same ethnicity to themselves. Taking part in this subculture builds affinities, socialising participants into knowledge of the likes and dislikes, meanings and values of the culture. This community will last for several years until these boys decide to settle down through primarily marriage. This subculture will then melt into the ‘mainstream’. The opposition of the ‘mainstream’ is undoubtedly how many constituents of youth subcultures charecterise their own behavior. However we can’t take youthful discourses literally; they are not a transparent window on the world. This is a constant mistake that has been made by cultural studies. They have been inadequately critical of subcultural ideologies, first, because they were preoccupied by the task of perforating and challenging prevailing ideologies and, second, because they were biased and tended to correspond with the subcultural discourses of the youth cultures they study. Academics have acclaimed subcultures, while youth have celebrated the ‘underground’. Where young people have condemned the ‘commercial’, scholars have criticised ‘hegemony’; where one has grieved over ‘selling out’, the other has conceived ‘incorporation’. Youth visualize their own and other social groups through subcultural ideologies, they declare their idiosyncratic nature and assert that they are not nameless affiliates of an undistinguished heap. The cultural theorists are not giving non-biased explanations of the way things really are, but incorporate ideologies that fulfill their specific cultural agenda. One should therefore not simply delve into the way of life of a cluster community, but consider the way they make ‘meaning the service of power’. The distinctions made by the Lebanese youth are not simply affirmations of equal difference; they entail a strong claim to authority and presume the inferiority of others. They are challenge the weight of, namely the police and laws established by the government and see other subcultural ethnic groups as inferior to them. Within this subculture, elevated levels of income and property do not associate with high levels of cultural capital, as the two often conflict. Comments about the ‘nouveau riche’ reveal the likely frictions between those affluent in cultural capital but fairly poor in economic capital (like those Lebanese youth that are academics) and those rich in economic capital but less affluent in cultural capital (like professional football players). Therefore, the third category-social capital-that stems not from what you know or what you have, but from who know, can be attributed foremostly to the subculture of the Lebanese youth. Connections in the form of friends, relations, associations and acquaintances can all bestow status. ‘Tell the boys that you know so and so and watch them worship you’. The ‘second nature’ of their knowledge is a quality that members of this subculture must possess. Nothing diminishes capital more than the spectacle of someone trying to hard. For example, a subdued and pale looking Anglo Saxon male attempting to act, dress and associate himself with the subculture of the Lebanese youth. K. Gelder and S. Thornton argue that ‘the difference between being in or out of fashion, high or low in subcultural capital, correlates in complex ways with degrees of media coverage, creation and exposure’. In regards to the aforementioned subculture, commercial news and the content of their broadcasting are discussed often amongst each other. They are in passionate resistance to the negative portrayal of their subculture. It can be argued therefore that due to the fact that their subculture is used as the ‘topic of the day’ so readily, that this actually encourages them to become increasingly rebellious against the ‘mainstream’ and forms of authority. The convertibility of cultural capital into economic capital is what ultimately defines cultural capital. Whilst subcultural capital may not convert into economic capital, in being a market niche, with the same ease or financial reward as cultural capital, a variety of occupations or increased capital for existing occupations can be gained as a result of ‘coolness’. American clothes designers, especially sportswear designers, such as Nike and Adidas, American artists of hip-hop, rap and RB and sad to say drug dealers all make a living from their subcultural capital. Subcultural capital is not as class-bond as cultural capital, even though it converts into economic capital. Class does not correlate in any uninterrupted way with levels of youthful subcultural capital. For instance, it would not be uncommon for a Lebanese boy that was raised in an area that was densely populated with Lebanese households, like Bankstown, to remain dressing, acting and speaking in the same way if he was to move to an area that was densely populated with Anglo-Saxons and of a class. Gender, after age, is the social difference along which subcultural capital is aligned most analytically to. Generally, the girls associated with this subculture invest more of their time and identity in doing well at school. The boys, in contrast, spend more time and money on going out, listening to music and ‘hanging out with the boys’. The ‘refusal of complicity’ might be said to categorise the majority of Lebanese youth. These youth are not as anchored in their social place as those younger and older than themselves as they are not settled with a partner nor have they integrated into ‘Australian culture’. By investing in this act of leisure, Lebanese youth further reject being fixed socially. They can postpone ‘social aging’ or that ‘slow renunciation or disinvestment’ which leads people to regulate their goals to their purposes, to support their state, become what they are and make do with what they have. Acting as a barrier against social aging may be one of the reasons as to why it is so attractive to people well beyond their youth. Lebanese youth can be seen as temporarily taking pleasure in the taste of independence. Freedom from necessity, therefore, does not mean that youth have wealth so much that they are exempt from adult commitments to the accumulation of economic capital. They simply reveal a methodical dedication, which allows practises that are discouraged by the mainstream. The term ‘subculture’ is therefore useful as a means for analysing the position and experiences of the Lebanese youth of Australia. Subcultural capital is the key player of a substitute chain of command in which the affiliation of age, gender, sexuality and race are operational in order to keep the resolves of class, income and occupation aside. Subcultural capital discloses itself most clearly by what it dislikes and by what it definitely isn’t. The vast majority of Lebanese youth distinguish themselves against the mainstream that, to some degree, can be seen to stand in for the masses- this distance is a measure of their cultural worth. Subcultural ideology unconditionally gives alternative interpretations and values to young peoples, particularly young men’s. It reinterprets the social world. The Lebanese youth jockey for social power through these popular distinctions; they are favouritisms by which members are both given social statuses and endeavour f or a meaning of self-worth. This perspective foresees popular culture as a multi-dimensional social space rather than as a flat culture or as simply the end of the social ladder. The Lebanese youth should therefore not be categorised through their cultural differences as being ‘resistances’ to hierarchy or to the isolated cultural supremacy of some ruling body. They should be looked at as the microstructures of power entailed in the cultural competition that goes on between more closely associated social groups. References K.Gelder and S.Thornton, Subcultures Reader, London; New York Rutledge, 1997. The Macquarie Dictionary New Budget Edition Macquarie University, NSW, Australia, 1996. www.acys.utas.edu.au/ncys/topics/culture.htm 21k www.research.deakin.edu.au/performance/pubs/ reports/cd/1997/pubs/1995/socinq.htm 34k www.usyd.edu.au/su/geography/sinfo/p-g/07.htm 10k www.mcgraw-hill.com.au/mhhe/marktng/hawkins/bkinfo.htm 12k Research Papers on Is the term "subculture" useful as means for analysing the young people in Australia Culture - Cultural Studies EssayHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionWhere Wild and West Meet

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Transcripy them precisely word by word - Essay Example From here to pacific like that there is less fish, there is a lot of percent less fish, I would say the reason, the bigger reason we got is the sewage outside. You see what happened with the Sewage they put organo-chlorine everyday outside. You know for the Sewer, when you go to the bathroom, that water, that got chlorine that go outside. Everybody would be like everything been changed We used to doing good on the lobster on the bay. No more than before but little bit is still there. we doing fair. Well a little harder, yeah! a little bit. The problem is too many people after they lost. Too many people, not only commercial fishermen, is poor fishermen. See, many people fish, go for lobster all year round. What did they do about? Sometimes they caught it sometimes they dont caught it, at night. They, most of the time they go after the commercial and they run, they are supposed to go a little bit more after small fishermen. Biscayne Bay I’ve been coming out here pretty much my whole life. It used to called, I think its still called windsurfer beach on that side. So, I used to be a lot of wind surfing over there, and years gone by I have done a lot of diving off of black point, we used to go many lobster seasons, going for lobsters. Weve done a lot fishing in this area, take the boat down to LA key, we used to go to stilts view, I dont know if you are familiar with stilts view? You should definitely look up stilts view if you are doing a paper on Biscayne bay, they got these old homes build on stilts southern bay, and they are still out there and you can go out hang on them, I dont know if you are supposed to but you can go hang out on them. These are all slash pines, and these are natives of here. And on that side, see all the palms are, that used to like this, they was all slash pines on either side and I cannot remember how long ago, maybe five six years ago, they took all the slash pines out, and they